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French preposition
The preposition par generally means "by," "through," or "per."
1) Location / Direction | |||
par ici ou par là ? | this way or that way? (lit: by here or by there?) | ||
sortir par la fenêtre | to leave through the window | ||
2) Amount per unit of measurement | |||
gagner 15 euros par heure | to earn 15 euros an / per hour | ||
coûter 3 euros par kilo | to cost 3 euros a / per kilo | ||
3) Manner or means | |||
découvrir par hasard | to discover by accident | ||
réussir par le travail | to succeed through (hard) work | ||
4) Reason | |||
par habitude | through / out of habit | ||
faire par pitié | to do out of pity | ||
5) Passive voice | |||
la fenêtre a été cassée par l’orage | the window was broken by the storm | ||
un film réalisé par Luc Besson | a movie directed by Luc Besson | ||
6) After verbs | |||
Some verbs must be followed by par in front of a noun or infinitive. | |||
7) Expressions with par |
Par + noun is often equivalent to an English adverb ending in -ly: par conséquent = consequently.
Par is usually followed directly by a noun, with no article in between. Learn more: Prepositions with nouns
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