Variable Auxiliary Verbs

Verbes auxiliaires variables

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About two dozen intransitive French verbs require être as their auxiliary in the compound tenses and moods. Of these, eight can be used transitively, and when they are, two things happen:

1. The auxiliary verb changes to avoir.
2. The meaning of the verb changes slightly.

Transitive vs Intransitive

For six of these verbs, the difference is simply a matter of whether the subject is moving only itself or with/in/on a direct object. If the subject is moving, the verb is intransitive and you need être. If there’s a direct object, the verb is transitive and you need avoir.

		intransitive (être)		transitive (avoir)
descendre		to go down(stairs)		to take down
entrer		to go in		to take/bring/put in
monter		to go up(stairs)		to take up
rentrer		to go home		to take back inside
retourner		to go back		to take back
sortir		to go out		to take out

Par exemple…

Je suis descendu.    vs J’ai descendu la chaise.		I went downstairs.    vs I took the chair down.
Je suis retourné au magasin.    vs J’ai retourné le pull.		I went back to the store.    vs I took the sweater back.

 Note that you need also avoir when saying something like J’ai monté l’escalier. Even though it’s still you doing the moving, l’escalier is a direct object, so the verb is transitive. It might help to think of it as "I took the stairs up" rather than "I went upstairs."

The other two verbs are a bit more complicated.

Passer

When used intransitively, passer is followed by a preposition and means "to pass / to go past."

Par exemple…

Je suis passé devant la porte.		I went past the door.
Je suis passé par Rouen.		I passed through Rouen.

When there’s a direct object, passer has two potential meanings:

1) to go through
J’ai passé la porte.		I went through/out the door.
2) to spend time
J’ai passé un mois à Rouen.		I spent a month in Rouen.

Repasser

Intransitively, repasser means "to go past again."

Je suis repassé devant la porte.		I went past the door again
Je suis repassé par Rouen.		I passed through Rouen again.

With a direct object, repasser has a number of possible meanings:

• to come/go back through
• to iron
• to pass (around) again
• to repeat (a song)
• to retake (a test)
• to show again

 Demeurer

Demeurer (to stay, live) is a special case: it’s usually conjugated with avoir, but in formal/literary French it takes être and means "to remain."

French auxiliary verbs

1. Introduction and list of être verbs
2. Variable auxiliary verbs
3. Omitting auxiliary verbs

 Related lessons

• Passé composé
• Past participle
• Compound tenses and moods

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