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Transformation en « de »
There are three types of French articles (definite – indefinite – partitive). In negative constructions, two of them are usually required to change to de, meaning "(not) any."
Indefinite articles
| Il a reçu un pourboire. |
He received a tip. He didn’t receive a tip. |
|
| Tu as une idée ? |
Do you have an idea? Don’t you have any ideas? | |
| Il y a des chaussures. |
There are some shoes. There aren’t any shoes. |
Partitive articles
| Je veux du pain. |
I want some bread. I don’t want any bread. |
|
| Il a mangé de la salade. |
He ate some salad. He didn’t eat any salad. |
|
| J’achète des asperges. |
I’m buying some asparagus. I’m not buying any asparagus. |
Exceptions
1. When the verb is être, the article doesn’t reduce.
Par exemple…
| C’est une poire, ce n’est pas une pomme. | It’s a pear, it’s not an apple. | |
| C’est du seitan, ce n’est pas de la viande. | It’s seitan, it’s not meat. |
2. The article doesn’t reduce after ne … que.
Par exemple…
| Je n’ai qu’un frère. | I only have one brother. | |
| Nous ne voulons qu’une voiture. | We want only one car. |
3. The partitive doesn’t reduce when there is a contrast or comparison.
Par exemple…
| Je ne veux pas du vin, mais de la bière. | I don’t want wine, but (rather) beer. | |
| Il n’a pas acheté du beurre, mais de l’huile. | He didn’t buy butter, but (instead) oil. |
4. With any negative structure, you can choose to keep the real article in order to emphasize the negation.
Par exemple…
| Je n’ai pas de sous. Je n’ai pas un sou. |
I don’t have any money. I don’t have a (single) cent. |
|
| Il ne veut pas d’enfant. Il ne veut pas un enfant. |
He doesn’t want any kids. He (really) doesn’t want a kid. |
Definite articles never reduce to de.
Par exemple…
| J’ai le mot de passe. |
I have the password. I don’t have the password. |
|
| Elle voit la voiture. |
She sees the car. She doesn’t see the car. |
|
| Ils veulent les livres. |
They want the books. They don’t want the books. |
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Studying French online has many benefits, as well as some limitations. If you want to get serious about learning French but can’t handle a rigid class schedule, private tutors are the way to go. 
Consonants are sounds created by blocking or hindering the passage of air through the mouth in some way.