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Transformation en « de »
There are three types of French articles (definite – indefinite – partitive). In negative constructions, two of them are usually required to change to de, meaning "(not) any."
Indefinite articles
Il a reçu un pourboire.![]() |
He received a tip. He didn’t receive a tip. |
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Tu as une idée ?![]() |
Do you have an idea? Don’t you have any ideas? | |
Il y a des chaussures.![]() |
There are some shoes. There aren’t any shoes. |
Partitive articles
Je veux du pain.![]() |
I want some bread. I don’t want any bread. |
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Il a mangé de la salade.![]() |
He ate some salad. He didn’t eat any salad. |
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J’achète des asperges.![]() |
I’m buying some asparagus. I’m not buying any asparagus. |
Exceptions
1. When the verb is être, the article doesn’t reduce.
Par exemple…
C’est une poire, ce n’est pas une pomme. | It’s a pear, it’s not an apple. | |
C’est du seitan, ce n’est pas de la viande. | It’s seitan, it’s not meat. |
2. You can choose to keep the real article in order to emphasize the negation.
Par exemple…
Je n’ai pas de sous. Je n’ai pas un sou. |
I don’t have any money. I don’t have a (single) cent. |
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Il ne veut pas d’enfant. Il ne veut pas un enfant. |
He doesn’t want any kids. He (really) doesn’t want a kid. |
Definite articles never reduce to de.
Par exemple…
J’ai le mot de passe.![]() |
I have the password. I don’t have the password. |
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Elle voit la voiture.![]() |
She sees the car. She doesn’t see the car. |
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Ils veulent les livres.![]() |
They want the books. They don’t want the books. |
Related lessons
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