Liaisons obligatoires
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Liaisons between syntactically related words, such as an article and its noun, or a subject pronoun and its verb, are required. Of course, there are always exceptions, but here are the main types of required liaisons.
1. Nominal group
a) Article + noun or adjective
| IPA | ||
| un homme | [œ̃ nɔm] | [uh(n) nuhm] |
| les amis | [le za mi] | [lay zah mee] |
| les anciens élèves | [le zã sjɛ̃ ze lɛv] | [lay za(n) syeh(n) zay lehv] |
b) Number + noun or adjective
| IPA | ||
| deux enfants | [dœ zã fã] | [deu za(n) fa(n)] |
| six honnêtes familles | [si zɔ nɛt fa mij] | [see zoh neht fah mee] |
c) Adjective + noun or adjective
| IPA | ||
| les anciens élèves | [le zã sjɛ̃ ze lɛv] | [lay za(n) syeh(n) zay lehv] |
| mes élèves | [me ze lɛv] | [may zay lev] |
| petit ami | [pə ti ta mi] | [peu tee tah mee] |
2. Verbal group
a) Pronoun + pronoun
| IPA | ||
| Nous en avons | [nu zã na vɔ̃] | [noo za(n) nah vo(n)] |
| Vous y habitez | [vu zi a bi te] | [voo zee ah bee tay] |
b) Pronoun + verb or verb + pronoun
| IPA | ||
| Nous en avons | [nu zã na vɔ̃] | [noo za(n) nah vo(n)] |
| Vous avez | [vu za ve] | [voo zah vay] |
| Ont-ils | [ɔ̃ til] | [o(n) teel] |
3. Single-syllable adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions*
| IPA | ||
| bien étrange | [bjɛ̃ ne tʁãʒ] | [byeh nay tra(n)zh] |
| chez elle | [ʃe zɛl] | [shay zehl] |
| quand on décidera | [kã tɔ̃ de si dʁa] | [ka(n) to(n) day see deh rah] |
| tout entier | [tu tã tje] | [too ta(n) tyay] |
| très utile | [tʁɛ zy til] | [treh zu teel] |
4. Fixed expressions
| IPA | ||
| avant hier | [a vã tjɛʁ] | [ah va(n) tyer] |
| c’est-à-dire | [se ta diʁ] | [say tah deer] |
| comment allez-vous ? | [kɔ mɑ̃ ta le vu] | [kuh ma(n) tah lay voo] |
| plus ou moins | [ply zu mwɛ̃] | [plu zoo mweh(n)] |
| Quand est-ce que | [kã tɛ skə] | [ka(n) teh skeu] |
Notes
* See exceptions in optional liaisons.
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