L’assimilation
How many sounds do the letters b and d have in French? Many people would say just one each: [b] and [d]. But in fact, French pronunciation isn’t quite so straightforward: these letters, and a few others, have two different pronunciations due to a pronunciation feature called assimilation.
À noter : This is an advanced lesson on French pronunciation. Before continuing, you need to understand Voicing / Sonorité and the IPA.
Assimilation occurs when voiced and unvoiced consonants find themselves side by side, whether within a word or between two words. There are two types:
1) Voiced to unvoiced assimilation
Normally, [b] and [d] are voiced consonants, as when you say the names of the letters themselves or in words where they are followed by other voiced sounds, such as bouder (to sulk) and doubler (to double, dub). But when these same letters find themselves next to unvoiced consonants, keeping the voiced pronunciation is too difficult, so [b] and [d] change to their unvoiced equivalents [p] and [t]. Voiced to unvoiced assimilation is the most common type, especially with the letter combinations bs and bt.
For example, at first glance absent looks like it should be pronounced [ab sã]. But [s] is unvoiced, so [b] assimilates into its unvoiced equivalent: [ap sã]. Likewise, obtenir is not pronounced [ɔb tə niʁ] but rather [ɔp tə niʁ]
French has 6 voiced/unvoiced word pairs, ordered here alphabetically by the voiced consonant.
Voiced | Unvoiced |
[b] | [p] |
[d] | [t] |
[g] | [k] |
[ʒ] | [ʃ] |
[v] | [f] |
[z] | [s] |
2) Unvoiced to voiced assimilation
Assimilation of an unvoiced consonant sound to a voiced one is less common, but the pairs are the same. Here, they’re simply reordered alphabetically by the unvoiced consonant:
Unvoiced | Voiced |
[ʃ] | [ʒ] |
[f] | [v] |
[k] | [g] |
[p] | [b] |
[s] | [z] |
[t] | [d] |
While unvoiced to voiced assimilation is found in a few words like second [sə gɔ̃], it most commonly occurs in conjunction with another French pronunciation phenomenon: the e instable. When the e is not pronounced and leaves a voiced consonant next to an unvoiced one, the former typically assimilates to the latter.
Par exemple…
coup de fil | "cou tə fil" | [ku tfil] |
pas de problème | "pa tə problème" | [pat pʀɔb lɛm] |
je suis | "shə suis –> shuis" | [ʃɥi] |
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